Zero Knowledge

In this episode, Anna Rose and Nico Mohnblatt catch up with Justin Drake from the Ethereum Foundation to explore Ethproofs, asking what exactly is Ethproofs: is it a meme, a platform, a benchmarking effort and/or an emerging community? Justin shares the emergence of the project within the EF, the influences that shaped it and what Ethproofs comprises of today. He also shares the goals of the project and how this initiative supports the snarkification of the EVM by providing standardized benchmarks for the growing ecosystem of zkVMs. Their discussion covers the evolution from monolithic zkEVM approaches to RISC-V-based systems, and movement towards mandatory proofs and eventual zkVM enshrinement.   Related links: Episode 369: Ligero for Memory-Efficient ZK with Muthu Episode 321: STIR with Gal Arnon & Giacomo Fenzi Episode 258: Ultrasound Money & VRFs with Justin Drake Episode 120: ZKPs in Ethereum with Vitalik Buterin & Justin Drake Episode 74: Blockchain 101: Randomness and Ran

In this episode, Anna Rose and Kobi Gurkan chat with Vikas Rushi from PSE, and Ying Tong to explore two topics at the intersection of ZK and the real-world data: zkPDF and zkID.  First they dive into zkPDF, a set of tools for proving facts on digitally signed PDFs. Vikas talks about the challenges of parsing data inside zkVMs—working with decades-old specifications that use many different encodings, and tackling practical use-cases like bank statements and ID verification. They also explain how issuers, such as India’s DigiLocker, can generate proofs in a way that protects individual privacy. Next they cover zkID and the EF’s work on building a system that would meet the EU’s Digital Identity Framework requirements ahead of its 2026 rollout. Ying Tong explains how the EF’s work on zkID differs from existing zk-based identity projects, particularly through its device-binding requirements, the cryptographic community’s feedback to the EU Commission, the trade-offs between proof systems, PSE’s work on standard

In this episode, Anna Rose and Tarun Chitra chat with Miranda Christ, a computer science PhD student at Columbia University, about the intersection of cryptography and AI through watermarking techniques. Miranda shares her research on developing imperceptible ways to prove that content was created by AI models, covering everything from simple red-green word lists to sophisticated pseudorandom error-correcting codes.   The discussion explores the cryptographic properties of watermarks - including completeness, soundness, and undetectability - and how these parallel the properties we see in zero-knowledge proof systems. Miranda explains how watermarking differs from other cryptographic approaches like ZKML by only modifying the sampling process rather than the underlying model weights, making it computationally lightweight and practical for deployment.   Related links: Episode 206: Distilling DeFi Primitives with Guillermo, Alex and Tarun My AI Safety Lecture for UT Effective Altruism Googl

In this episode, Anna Rose welcomes back Daniel Kang professor at UIUC and founding technical advisor at VAIL, for an update on ZKML and how the space has evolved since early 2023. Daniel covers the 2023-2024 cohort of ZKML tools including zkCNN, zkLLM, EZKL, and his original ZKML project, while introducing his new project ZKTorch, which offers a flexible hybrid of specialized and general-purpose approaches. The discussion explores practical applications like verified FaceID, proof of prompt, and proof of training, along with the technical challenges of adding ZK proofs to machine learning models. Daniel shares insights on the performance trade-offs between specialized cryptographic systems and generic circuits, and how ZKTorch aims to offer both flexibility and speed for proving ML inference. Related links: ZKTorch: Open-Sourcing the First Universal ZKML Compiler for Real-World AI ZKTorch: Compiling ML Inference to Zero-Knowledge Proofs via Parallel Proof  ZK Torch GitHub Accumulation by Bing-Jyue

In this episode, Anna Rose and Guillermo Angeris catch up with Muthu Venkitasubramaniam, Professor of Computer Science at Georgetown University and cofounder of Ligero. They discuss how Ligero’s small memory footprint makes it a good choice for client-side proving, as well as the importance of programmable compliance in blockchain. The conversation explores the differences between ‘MPC in the head’ and error-correcting code perspectives, and how well-established primitives influence the design of modern ZK systems. They also debate the challenge of adding ‘ZK’ privacy back into systems without it, why proving EVM traces may be absurd, and what kinds of guarantees might exist around the results of vibe coding. Related links: Episode 363: Bringing ZK to Google Wallet with Abhi and Matteo Episode 326: MPC & ZK in Ligero and Ligetron ZK13: Ligerito: A Small and Concretely Fast Polynomial Commitment Scheme - Kobi Gurkan ZK13: Vibe coding ZK Apps with Ligetron ZK Platform - Muthu Venkitasubramaniam 

In this episode, Anna Rose and Nico Mohnblatt speak with Dan and Sinu from TLSNotary to trace the project’s journey from early Bitcoin forum ideas to its current role as a foundational protocol maintained by PSE. Dan recounts the origins of TLSNotary as a tool for cryptographically proving web data, while Sinu explains how the project was revived to provide modern TLS attestation. The conversation covers the use-cases for verifiable web proofs, the different modes these interactive protocols can take, and the broader impact of this technology on leveraging siloed user data. Related links: Episode 325: Web Proofs with Tracy from Pluto Episode 354: The Founding of Zero Knowledge Systems with Austin Hill Episode 362: zkTLS with Maddy from Reclaim 2013 Blog Post ‘tlsnotary - cryptographic proof of fiat transfer for p2p exchanges’ TLSNotary Whitepaper DECO: Liberating Web Data Using Decentralized Oracles for TLS Primus Labs (Previously PADO) Town Crier: An Authenticated Data Feed for Smart Contr

In this episode, Anna Rose and Nico Mohnblatt speak with Goblin Oats from Tonk and grjte from Bain Capital Crypto to explore the emerging world of local-first architecture. Goblin shares the evolution of Tonk from an experimental lab working on blockchain games to a product that enables anyone to build personalised local-first software using natural language. grjte discusses her Groundmist project exploring personal data lakes and the intersection between local-first systems and the AT Protocol. The conversation explores the technical foundations of local-first software, including Conflict-free Replicated Data Types (CRDTs), parallels with blockchain systems, and how ZK proofs show up within cloud-optional architecture. Related links: Tonk GitHub Groundmist Dappicom — NES Emulation in Noir Speakeasy Automerge CRDT AT Protocol Ink & Switch: Local-first software Homomorphically Encrypting CRDTs Beelay - A new sync protocol for Automerge Jess Martin - The last mile of Local First Loc

In this episode, Anna Rose speaks with Florent Tavernier from Self and Marek Olszewski from Self and Celo to explore how Self are bringing identity onchain using ZK, the Sybil protection that offers, and the origins of OpenPassport. The discussion covers Self's approach to supporting different forms of ID, the challenges of disparate cryptographic standards, and how government signatures can be used to bootstrap onchain identity systems.  Related links: Self Protocol on X/Twitter Episode 364: AI and ZK Auditing with David Wong Episode 363: Bringing ZK to Google Wallet with Abhi and Matteo Episode 358: Building ZK Registries Onchain with Rarimo Episode 93: Light clients & ZKPs with Celo Celo ZK Email Modular Summit 3 panel (with Florent and Anna) Plumo: An Ultralight Blockchain Client 0xPARC MiniPay Map of each country’s cryptography choices Aadhaar p0tion: Toolkit for Groth16 Phase 2 Trusted Setup ceremonies.     Check out the latest jobs in ZK at the ZK Podca

In this episode, Anna Rose and Tarun Chitra catch up with Kostas Kryptos from Mysten Labs to explore the latest ZK innovations being built on Sui. Kostas shares updates on zkLogin and introduces zkAt (ZK Authenticator), a new research project enabling programmable and updatable access control for accounts where Groth16's trusted setup and the generated toxic waste is used in a very novel way.  This discussion also covers Sui's ambitious plans to become quantum-ready, including their innovative approach to transitioning existing EdDSA accounts to post-quantum security using STARKs without requiring users to change their addresses. They touch on ZK Tunnels, working with the Greek stock market, and how ZK is breaking out of the  web2/web3 paradigm. Related links: Episode 257: Proof of Solvency with Kostas Chalkias Episode 302: ZK for web2 interop with zkLogin & ZK Email Episode 363: Bringing ZK to Google Wallet with Abhi and Matteo Zero-knowledge Authenticator for Blockchain: Policy-private and Ob

In this episode, Anna sits down with David Wong from zkSecurity to discuss the impact of AI on the field of zero-knowledge auditing. David shares how his team is integrating AI agents into their workflow, the opportunities and challenges this brings, and how the role of the human auditor is evolving as AI becomes more capable. They also cover the unique aspects of auditing ZK-based systems, how this is different from smart contract auditing, and the broader implications of AI for security in cryptography and blockchain. The conversation touches on the ethical considerations of AI in security, the future of the auditing profession, and the ways ZK and AI are increasingly intersecting. Related links: Episode 290: Exploring, Teaching and Auditing ZK with David Wong Episode 76: Sean Bowe on SNARKs, Trusted Setups & Elliptic Curve Cryptography Proof is in the Pudding Session 04: Lattice-Based SNARKs and Post-Quantum Cryptography Fiat-Crypto: Synthesizing Correct-by-Construction Code for Cryptographi

In this episode, Anna and Nico speak with Abhi Shelat and Matteo Frigo from Google about their work integrating zero-knowledge proofs into the Google Wallet. They discuss the technical decisions behind the Anonymous Credentials for ECDSA system, including the challenge of designing a proof system where proving must be efficient enough to run on the client device in a large-scale consumer application, and how they design a system using sumcheck and Ligero to overcome NTT issues. The conversation also touches on the process of standardization, the return of ZK to its privacy roots, and the broader significance of seeing advanced cryptography adopted by a major tech company outside the blockchain space. Links: Episode 303: A Dive into Binius with Jim Posen Anonymous credentials from ECDSA libZK: a zero-knowledge proof library European Digital Identity FFTW Doubly-Efficient zkSNARKs Without Trusted Setup Ligero: Lightweight Sublinear Arguments Without a Trusted Setup Everything provable is prov

In this episode, Anna speaks with Madhavan (Maddy) Malolan from Reclaim Protocol about his work on zkTLS and its applications in web data verification. Maddy shares the journey of building Reclaim, from initial attempts at implementing DECO to developing their current proxy-based solution. The conversation explores the technical challenges of implementing zero-knowledge proofs for HTTPS connections, comparing proxy and MPC approaches, and discussing security considerations. Maddy explains how Reclaim is bringing ZK technology to mainstream applications, focusing on three key verticals: education verification, employment history, and financial background checks. Related links: Episode 353: Making ZK More Human with ZK Email TLSNotary DECO: Liberating Web Data Using Decentralized Oracles for TLS Proxying is Enough: Security of Proxying in TLS Oracles and AEAD Context Unforgeability     Register for ZK Hack Berlin happening 20 - 22 June!     **If you like what we do:** *

In this episode, Anna and Nico speak with Matthew Klein and Albert Garreta from Nethermind about their work implementing and advancing lattice-based cryptography systems, particularly focusing on folding schemes and their applications in zero-knowledge proofs. Matthew and Albert share insights from their implementation of LatticeFold and discuss the evolution of lattice-based systems, including newer developments like LatticeFold+ and Neo. The conversation explores the unique challenges and opportunities of working with lattice-based constructions, from performance optimizations to post-quantum security considerations. They also dive into their work on post-quantum signatures for Ethereum, light zkML solutions, and the Zinc project, which offers a novel approach to handling integer-based constraints in zero-knowledge proofs. Related links: Episode 359: Lattice-based ZK Systems with Vadim Lyubashevsky Episode 293: Exploring Security of ZK Systems with Nethermind’s Michał & Albert Episode 277: Nova

In this episode, Anna and Guillermo are joined by Alex Obadia and Nicola Greco, co-authors of the Quantum Punks Manifesto, for a discussion at the intersection of quantum technology and cryptography. They explore the cultural and technical gaps between the quantum and crypto communities, sharing the story behind the manifesto, their vision for bridging these worlds and the applications that such a combination could unlock.   Related links: Quantum Punks Manifesto Episode 288: Quantum Cryptography with Or Sattath Episode 357: Quantum Engineering with Jelena Vučković Paris Workshop Video Playlist Teleport.Best Flashbots Project Aria Protocol Labs Conjugate Coding BB84: Quantum cryptography: Public key distribution and coin tossing   Further reading: The Coming Wave: New Applications of Quantum Cryptography -- Nicola Greco (DeepQuantum) Quantum Punks’ meta-list of resources Quantum cryptography with classical communication: parallel remote state preparation for copy-protec

In this episode, Anna and Nico speak with Vadim Lyubashevsky, research scientist at IBM Research, about the evolving field of lattice-based cryptography and its role in zero-knowledge systems. Vadim shares the history and mathematical foundations of lattices, and explains how they might be used to build post-quantum secure ZK proofs and SNARKs. The conversation covers the unique challenges of adapting lattice techniques to zero-knowledge, explores the tradeoffs relative to hash-based constructions, and highlights the importance of developing quantum-safe standards for the future of cryptography. Related links: Episode 345: Latest ZK Research with Dan Boneh Episode 288: Quantum Cryptography with Or Sattath LaBRADOR: Compact Proofs for R1CS from Module-SIS⋆ IBM’s post-quantum NIST published standards Project11 Minkowski’s Geometry of Numbers LLL reduction Shortest vector problem Basic Lattice Cryptography: The concepts behind Kyber (ML-KEM) and Dilithium (ML-DSA) by Vadim Lyubashevsky &nbs

This week, Anna speaks with Lasha Antadze, co-founder of Rarilabs and Rarimo, about the evolution of digital identity systems. Lasha shares his journey from working with government eID systems to building decentralized identity solutions using zero-knowledge proofs. The conversation explores how Rarimo is taking a fundamentally different approach to identity verification by keeping all processing client-side, from passport scanning to biometric verification. This enables new use cases like censorship-resistant voting systems and privacy-preserving account recovery, while avoiding the traditional pitfalls of centralized identity providers. The discussion also covers the challenges of building trust in cryptographic systems, the potential applications of client-side ZK proofs for AI governance, and how Rarimo is working to make identity tools that are both powerful and accessible to everyday users. This episode provides a fascinating look at how zero-knowledge proofs are reshaping our understanding of digital

In this episode, Anna and Guillermo speak with Professor Jelena Vučković from Stanford's Nanoscale and Quantum Photonics Lab about the fascinating world of quantum engineering. Jelena explains different quantum technology platforms and how quantum entanglement serves as the foundation for various applications such as eavesdropping detection. They explore how researchers are developing chip-scale quantum systems and the significant implications these technologies have for secure communication and cryptography.   Related links: Episode 288: Quantum Cryptography with Or Sattath WHIR: Reed–Solomon Proximity Testing with Super-Fast Verification BB84: Quantum cryptography: Public key distribution and coin tossing BBM92: Quantum Cryptography Without Bell's Theorem Stanford Nanoscale Quantum Photonics Group Github Stanford Nanoscale and Quantum Photonics Lab Photonics: Practical & Optimized: A Talk by Jelena Accelerator that fits on a chip work by Jelena     Spots for zkSum

In this episode Anna explores the contentious topic of ZK benchmarking with Conner Swann, founder of ProofLab. Drawing parallels with AI's development, they explore how tools like ProofLab could help standardize benchmarking across dimensions like speed, cost, and security. The conversation touches on the importance of formal verification and real-world workload testing, while considering how better benchmarking could accelerate ZK adoption and potentially lead to ZK's own 'ChatGPT moment' Related links: zkSummit The Zero-Knowledge Community Survey NoirHack Noir ethProofs Designing Optimistic Interoperability with Nomad Trusted Setup Ceremonies Explored Anna’s Post on Benchmarking The path to secure and efficient zkVMs: How to track progress Ben Fisch on Limiting Factors of Verifiable Compute ZKarnage Further reading: Celo Espero ceremony ZKVM Benchmarking The same thing that happened to AI is Happening to ZK     Applications for zkSummit13 are open, spots are

In this episode Anna dives back into the topic of prover networks & prover marketplaces with Norbert Vadas, Head of Product at ZkCloud.  They kick off by mapping out different actors in the ZK supply chain, and then cover the variety of approaches and economic models behind prover marketplaces. They explore the ZkCloud system before diving into Norbert’s perspective on the future of large-scale, industrial-grade ZK proving and what that will unlock. Related links: ZKV ZK Hack Kraków Mina Snarketplace Mina: What are SNARK workers and the Snarketplace Gevulot ZkCloud EthCC Paris: Toghrul Maharramov - Multi-Verifiers as a Hedge Against Bridge Vulnerabilities RISC Zero Bonsai Polygon zkEVM GitHub: Aztec Protocol Barretenberg ZK11: SNARK proving ASICs - Justin Drake     Applications for zkSummit13 are now open, early bird tickets close this week! Apply now at www.zksummit.com.     ZK is finally easy with Noir, the fastest-growing zero-knowledge programming

This week, we present the third installment in the Zero Knowledge Systems story. In this episode, Anna chats with Austin Hill, one of the original founders of Zero Knowledge Systems. They explore the company’s early days, Austin’s background in tech, and what this scene in Montreal was like in the late ’90s. The conversation covers fundraising during the dot-com boom, Zero Knowledge Systems’s ambitious vision for internet privacy, its flagship product Freedom, and how the company pivoted from a broad individual privacy mission to a more focused B2B approach. They cover Austin’s journey after ZKS—including how he discovered Bitcoin, co-founded Blockstream, and navigated the challenges of building a business around open-source infrastructure. He also discusses a new project he's involved in, which ventures into a completely different field—material nanotechnology. We encourage you to check out the first two episodes of the series here and here before diving into this one.   Related links: Part 1: B